On October 31, , in his first speech before British Parliament since the leaders of the American Revolution came together to sign of the Declaration of Independence that summer, King George III acknowledges that all was not going well for Britain in the war with the United Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Roaring Twenties. Westward Expansion. Art, Literature, and Film History. Sign Up. American Revolution. Luther closes the Theses by exhorting Christians to imitate Christ even if it brings pain and suffering, because enduring punishment and entering heaven is preferable to false security.
It was not until January that friends of Luther translated the Ninety-five Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied it, making the controversy one of the first to be aided by the printing press.
Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months, they had spread throughout Europe. On June 15, , the pope warned Luther, with the papal bull Exsurge Domine, that he risked excommunication unless he recanted forty-one sentences drawn from his writings, including the Ninety-five Theses , within sixty days.
That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio , attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on December 10, , an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles.
The enforcement of the ban on the Ninety-five Theses fell to the secular authorities. On April 18, , Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms. This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms, a town on the Rhine.
Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier, presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his, and whether he stood by their contents.
Luther confirmed he was their author, but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day:. Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone, since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves , I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God.
I cannot and will not recant anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. May God help me. By , Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organizing a new church, later called the Lutheran Church, and for the rest of his life would continue building the Protestant movement. An apoplectic stroke on February 18, , deprived him of his speech, and he died shortly afterwards, at a. Luther had come to believe that Christians are saved through faith and not through their own efforts.
This turned him against many of the major teachings of the Catholic Church. Thanks to the printing press, Luther's '95 Theses' and his other writings spread quickly through Europe.
He refused to recant and Emperor Charles V declared him an outlaw and a heretic. Luther went into hiding at Wartburg Castle. In , he returned to Wittenberg and in married Katharina von Bora, a former nun, with whom he had six children. Luther then became involved in the controversy surrounding the Peasants War - , the leaders of which had used Luther's arguments to justify their revolt. He rejected their demands and upheld the right of the authorities to suppress the revolt, which lost him many supporters.
In , Luther published a complete translation of the bible into German, underlining his belief that people should be able to read it in their own language. The translation contributed significantly to the spread and development of the German language.
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